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Khitan ((アラビア語:ختان)) or Khatna ((アラビア語:ختنة)) is the term for male circumcision carried out as an Islamic rite by Muslims. It is considered a sign of belonging to the wider Islamic community. ''Khitan'', in some of parts of the world, including Indonesia and Malaysia, may also refer to the female genital mutilation (properly ''khafḍ'').〔(khitān ) Encyclopedia Britannica (2009)〕〔(“A Tiny Cut”: Female Circumcision in South East Asia ) The Islamic Monthly (March 12, 2013)〕 Islamic male circumcision is analogous but not identical to Jewish circumcision. Islam is currently the largest single religious group in which the practice is widespread,〔 and although circumcision is not mentioned in the Qur'an itself, it is mentioned in the hadith and the sunnah. Whether or not it should be carried out after converting to Islam is debated among Islamic scholars.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Male circumcision - the Islamic View )〕 ==Religious sources== The Qur'an itself does not mention circumcision explicitly in any verse. In the time of the Islamic prophet Muhammad circumcision of men was carried out by most pagan Arabian tribes and female circumcision by some, and male circumcision among Jews and Christians for religious reasons.〔W. La Barre, The Ghost Dance, London, 1972〕 This has also been attested by Al-Jahiz,〔Volume II of al-Hayawan by Jahiz, ed. A. M. Harun, 7 vols., Cairo, 1938〕 as well as by Josephus.〔The Works of Flavius Josephus, translated by W. Whiston, 2 vols., London, 1858〕 According to some traditions Muhammad was born without a foreskin (aposthetic), while others maintain that his grandfather Abd-al-Muttalib circumcised him when he was seven days old.〔Al-Halabi, Ali Ibn-Burhan-al-Din. Alsirah al-halabiyyah. Vol.1 Beirut: Al-maktabah al-islamiyyah. (n.d.): 54-5〕 Many of his early disciples were circumcised to symbolize their inclusion within the emerging Islamic community.〔source?〕 Some accounts report that Heraclius, Emperor of Byzantium, had referred to Muhammad as the "leader of the circumcised people".〔Sahih Bukhari, vol.1, book 1, no. 6〕 Some hadith mentions circumcision in a list of practices known as ''fitra'' (acts considered to be of a refined person). Abu Hurayra, a companion of Muhammad, was quoted saying, "Five things are fitra: circumcision, shaving pubic hair with a razor, trimming the mustache, paring one's nails and plucking the hair from one's armpits" (reported in the ''hadiths'' of Sahih al-Bukhari and Sahih Muslim). So, despite its absence from the Qur'an, it has been a religious Muhammad's wife Aisha supposedly quotes Muhammad as saying that "''ablution becomes necessary if the two circumcised members touch''".〔Malik ibn Anas, Ketab al-mowatta, Volume I, pages 45-47, traditions 70-75. ed. M.F. Abd-al-Baqi, Cairo〕〔Ibn Majah, Kitab Sunan, ed. M. F. Abd-al-Baqi, Cairo, 1972, Page 199 Volume I〕 Furthermore, Muhammad is reported to have once advised a female circumciser not to cut off the entire clitoris during female circumcision.〔Page 28 of Volume VII of al-Hayawan by Jahiz, ed. A. M. Harun, 7 vols., Cairo, 1938〕 According to some ''hadith'' Muhammad supposedly circumcised his grandsons Hasan and Husayn on the seventh day after their birth.〔Al-Amili, Muhammad Ibn Hasan Al-Hur. Wasa'il al-shi'ah ila tahsil masa'il al-shariah. Vol 15. Tehran, Al-Maktabah al-Islamiyyah, 1982〕 Sahih al-Bukhari and Muslim also quote from Muhammad that Prophet Abraham performed his own circumcision at the age of eighty.〔Sahih Bukhari Hadith No. 575, and Muslim's anthology of authentic hadith, IV, item 2370.〕 It is also reported by Abu Dawud and Ahmad Ibn Hanbal that Muhammad stated that circumcision was a "law for men and a preservation of honor for women".〔Ahmad Ibn Hanbal 5:75; Abu Dawud, Adab 167〕 Circumcision was introduced to many lands for the first time through Islam itself following the Muslim conquests under the Rashidun, who were the companions and contemporaries of Muhammad. An example are the Persians who did not practice circumcision before the advent of Islam.〔Encyclopædia Iranica, Circumcision〕 Post-Islamic converts such as Afshin were found guilty in trials of remaining uncircumcised,〔Page 766 of the Volume II of Al-Basaer wa al-Dhakha'ir, Abu Hayyan Tawhidi, Kaylānī, Damascus, 1964〕 this further indicates that the practice was deemed compulsory by the early Muslims. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Khitan (circumcision)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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